Aim COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is spreading throughout the world affecting both healthy individuals and people with underlying immune-deficiencies. People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) consist a group multiply affected by this universal crisis. Methods Literature search aiming to identify relevant publications referring to the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in HIV infected population. Results A body of literature is rapidly growing in regard to epidemiological data, the interaction between HIV and SARS-CoV-2, and clinical outcome in people living with HIV. Intensive research is warranted to identify any interactions of the co-existence of the two viruses in the immune system of HIV infected patients as common pathophysiology and molecular aspects are recognized. Human relations are diminished as a result of the social measures, and detailed recording of the consequences in this population is needed. Conclusion Further research could shed light on the common underlying molecular mechanisms of both conditions in an attempt to discover treatment regimens for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Fathi N, Rezaei N. Lymphopenia in COVID-19: therapeutic opportunities. Cell Biol Int. 2020;1792–7.
2.
Bastard P, Rosen L, Zhang Q, Michailidis E, Hoffmann H, Zhang Y, et al. Science. 2020;4585.
3.
Saif W, Greenberg H, B. HIV and thrombosis: a review. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2001;15–24.
4.
Bibas M, Biava G, Antinori A. HIV-associated venous thromboembolism. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2011;
5.
Saif M, Bona R, Greenberg B. Aids and thrombosis: retrospective study of 131 HIV-infected patients. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2001;311–20.
6.
Wise J. Covid-19 and thrombosis: what do we know about the risks and treatment? Eur Respir J. 2020;
7.
Price L, Mccabe C, Garfield B, Wort S. Thrombosis and COVID-19 pneumonia: The clot thickens. Eur Respir J. 2020;
8.
Liu Z, Long W, Tu M, Chen S, Huang Y, Wang S, et al. Lymphocyte subset (CD4+, CD8+) counts reflect the severity of infection and pre-dict the clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. J Infect. 2020;318–56.
9.
Jiang M, Guo Y, Luo Q, Huang Z, Zhao R, Liu S, et al. T-cell subset counts in peripheral blood can be used as discriminatory biomarkers for diagnosis and severity prediction of coronavirus disease. J Infect Dis. 2019;198–202.
10.
Mcfadyen J, Stevens H, Peter K. The emerging threat of (micro) thrombosis in COVID-19 and its therapeutic implications. Circ Res. 2020;571–87.
11.
Mehlotra R. New Knowledge about CCR5, HIV infection, and disease progression:is “old” still valuable. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2020;795–9.
12.
Mehlotra R. Chemokine receptor gene polymorphisms and COVID-19: could knowledge gained from HIV/AIDS be important? Infect Genet Evol. 2020;104512.
13.
Hojyo S, Uchida M, Tanaka K, Hasebe R, Tanaka Y, Murakami M, et al. How COVID-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality. Inflamm Regener. 2020;37.
14.
Roberts L, Passmore J, Williamson C, Little F, Bebell L, Mlisana K, et al. Plasma cytokine levels during acute HIV-1 infection predict HIV disease progression. AIDS. 2010;819–31.
15.
Gervasoni C, Meraviglia P, Riva A, Giacomelli A, Oreni L, Minisci D, et al. Clinical features and outcomes of patients with human immunodeficiency virus with COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;2276–8.
16.
Dandachi D, Geiger G, Montgomery M, Tuohy K, Golzy S, Antar M, et al. Chow J. Characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes in a multicenter registry of patients with HIV and coronavirus disease-19. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;1964–72.
17.
Byrd K, Beckwith C, Garland J, Johnson J, Aung S, Cu-Uvin S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and HIV coinfection: clinical experience from Rhode Island, United States. J Int AIDS Soc. 2020;25573.
18.
Cao B, Wangy, Wen D, Liu W, Wang J, Fan G, et al. N Engl J Med. 2020;1787–99.
19.
Polack F, Thomas S, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2020;2603–15.
20.
Aidsmap N, Com. Have COVID-19 vaccines been tested in people with HIV? 11AD;
21.
British Hiv Association. SARS-CoV-2 vaccine advice for adults living with HIV. 10AD;
22.
Vaccine Considerations for People with Underlying Medical Conditions. 10AD;
23.
Kumar S, Zhi K, Mukherji A, Gerth K. Repurposing antiviral protease inhibitors using extracellular vesicles for potential therapy of COVID-19. Viruses. 2020;486.
24.
Amo D, Polo J, Moreno R, Díaz S, Martínez A, Arribas E, et al. Antiretrovirals and risk of COVID-19 diagnosis and hospitalization in HIV-positive persons. Epidemiology. 2020;49–51.
25.
Lu C, Chen M, Lee W, Chang Y. Potential therapeutic agents against COVID-19: what we know so far. J Chin Med Assoc. 2020;534–6.
26.
Zhu W, Chen C, Gorshkov K, Xu M, Lo D, Zheng W. RNA-Dependent RNA polymerase as a target for COVID-19 drug discovery. J Med Virol. 2021;300–10.
27.
Kwon S, Kim E, Jung Y, Jang J, Cho N. Postdonation COVID-19 identification in blood donors. Vox Sang. 2020;601–2.
28.
Amo D, Polo J, Moreno R, Díaz S, Martínez A, Arribas E, et al. Incidence and severityof COVID-19 in HIV-positive persons receiving antiretroviraltherapy: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2020;536–41.
29.
Alavian G, Kolahdouzan K, Mortezazadeh M, Torabi Z. Antiretrovirals for prophylaxis against COV-ID-19; a comprehensive literature review. J Clin Pharmacol. 2021;581–90.
30.
Hung I. Treatment of coronavirus disease. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2019;336–40.
31.
Jean S, Lee P, Hsueh P. Treatment options for COVID-19: the reality and challenges. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020;436–43.
32.
Mitchell K, Dimitrov D, Silhol R, Geidelberg L, Moore M, Liu A, et al. Estimating the potential impact of COVID-19-related disruptions on HIV incidence and mortality among men who have sex with men in the United States: a modelling study.
33.
Jewell B, Mudimu E, Stover J, Brink D, Phillips A, Smith J, et al. Potential effects of disruption to HIV programmes in sub-Saharan Africa caused by COVID-19: results from multiple mathematical models. Lancet HIV. 2020;629–40.
34.
Booton R, Fu G, Gregor M, Li L, Ong J, Tucker J, et al. Estimating the impact of disruptions due to COVID-19 on HIV transmission and control among men who have sex with men in China. J Int AIDS Soc. 2021;25697.
35.
Costenaro P, Minotti C, Barbieri E, Giaquinto C, Donà D. SARS-CoV-2 infection in people living with HIV: a systematic review. Rev Med Virol. 2021;1–12.
36.
Cabello A, Zamarro B, Nistal S, Victor V, Hernández J, Prieto-Pérez L, et al. COVID-19 diseasein people living withHIV: a multicentercase-series study. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;310–5.
37.
Coperchini F, Chiovato L, Croce L, Magri F, Rotondi M. The cytokine storm in COVID-19: an overview of the involvement of the chemokine/chemokinereceptor system. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2020;25–32.
38.
Mascolo S, Romanelli A, Carleo M, Esposito V. Could HIV infection alter the clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infection? When less is better. J Med Virol. 2020;1777–8.
39.
Tesoriero J, Swain C, Pierce J, Zamboni L, Wu M, Holtgrave D, et al. COVID-19 outcomes among persons living with or without diagnosed HIV Infection in New York State. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;2037069.
40.
Zhu F, Cao Y, Xu S, Zhou M. Co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV in a patient in Wuhan city. China J Med Virol. 2020;529–30.
41.
Stoeckle K, Johnston C, Jannat-Khah D, Williams S, Ellman T, Vogler M, et al. COVID-19 in hospitalized adults with HIV. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020;327.
42.
Huang J, Xie N, Hu X, Yan H, Ding J, Liu P, et al. Epidemiological, virological and serological features of coronavirus disease2019 (COVID-19) cases in people living with human immunodeficiency virus in Wuhan. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;2086–94.
43.
Kanwugu O, Adadi P. HIV/SARS-CoV-2 coinfection: a global perspective. J Med Virol. 2020;726–32.
44.
Brown L, Spinelli M, Gandhi M. The interplay between HIV and COVID-19: summary of the data and responses to date. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2021;63–73.
45.
Jiang H, Zhou Y, Tang W. Maintaining HIV care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet HIV. 2020;308–9.
46.
Chenneville T, Gabbidon K, Hanson P, Holyfield C. The impact of COVID-19 on HIV treatment and research: a call to action. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;4548.
47.
Blanco J, Ambrosioni J, Garcia F, Martínez E, Soriano A, Mallolas J, et al. COVID-19 in patients with HIV: clinical case series. Lancet HIV. 2020;314–6.
48.
Mirzaei H, Mcfarland W, Karamouzian M, Sharifi H. COVID-19 among people livingwithHIV: a systematic review. AIDS Behav. 2020;1–8.
49.
Morani Z, Patel S, Ghosh S, Hassan F, Doreswamy S, Singh S, et al. COVID-19 in HIV: a review of published case reports. SN Compr Clin Med. 2020;1–11.
50.
Tamuzijl A, Shumbacs, Adetokunbohoo, Uwimana-Nicolj, Hailezt, Inuguj N. Implications of COVID-19 in high burden countries for HIV/TB: A systematic review of evidence. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;744.
51.
Sanyaolu A, Okorie C, Marinkovic A, Patidar R, Younis K, Desai P, et al. Comorbidity and its impact on patients with CO-VID-19. SN Compr Clin Med. 2020;1–8.
52.
Anonymus. COVID-19 transmission-up in the air. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;1159.
53.
Cappy P, Candotti D, Sauvage V, Lucas Q, Boizeau L, Gomez J, et al. No evidence of SARS-CoV-2 transfusion transmission despite RNA detection in blood donors showing symptoms after donation. Blood. 2020;1888–91.
54.
Tan C, Li S, Liang Y, Chen M, Liu J. SARS-CoV-2 viremia may predict rapid deterioration of COVID-19 patients. Braz J Infect Dis. 2020;565–9.
55.
Bassil J, Rassy E, Kattan J. Is blood transfusion safe during the COVID-19 pandemic? Future Sci OA. 2020;
56.
Cristanziano D, Meyer-Schwickerath V, Eberhardt C, Rybniker K, Heger J, Knops E, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 viremia before onset of COVID-19 symptoms in an allo-transplanted patient with acute leukemia. Bone-Marrow Transplant. 2021;716–9.
57.
Fenizia C, Biasin M, Cetin I, Vergani P, Mileto D, Spinillo A, et al. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 vertical transmission during pregnancy. Nat Commun. 2020;5128.
58.
Davey J, Bekker D, Coates L, Myer T, L. Contracting HIV or contractingSAR-CoV-2 (CO-VID-19) in pregnancy; Balancing the risks and benefits. AIDS Behav. 2020;1–3.
59.
Shaw G, Hunter E. HIV transmission. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect Med. 2012;6965.
60.
Rahman H, Aziz M, Hussein R, Othman H, Omer S, Khalid S, et al. The transmission modes and sources of COVID-19: a systematic review. Int J Surg Open. 2020;125–36.
61.
Saleemi M, Ahmad B, Benchoula K, Vohra M, Mea H, Chong P, et al. Emergence and molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV to target host cells and potential therapeutics. Infect Genet Evol. 2020;104583.
62.
Sharov K. HIV/SARS-CoV-2 co-infection: T cell profile, cytokine dynamics and role of exhausted lymphocytes. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;163–9.
63.
Prabhu S, Poongulali S, Kumarasamy N. Impact of COVID-19 on people living with HIV: a review. J Virus Erad. 2020;100019.
64.
Joob B, Wiwanitkit V. SARS-CoV-2 and HIV. J Med Virol. 2020;1415.
65.
Ho H, Peluso M, Margus C, Lopes M, He J, Gaisa C, et al. Clinical outcomes and immunologic characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in people with human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis. 2021;403–8.
66.
Hadi Y, Naqvi S, Kupec J, Sarwari A. Characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with HIV: a multicentre research network study. AIDS. 2020;3–8.
67.
Fung M, Babik J. COVID-19 in immunocompromised hosts: what we know so far. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;340–50.
68.
Lesko C, Bengtson A. HIV and COVID-19: intersecting epidemics with many unknowns. Am J Epidemiol. 2021;10–6.
The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). We stay neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
,
