Atherosclerosis, one of the leading causes of death in developed countries is characterized by lumen reduction of blood vessels due to local thickening of internal blood vessels caused by plaque/atheroma. It begins in childhood, goes for a long time without manifesting symptoms, increasing with age it begins to seriously threaten health. The most important risk factors for the development of atherosclerotic disease are: hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, high fibrinogen, excessive weight, increased level of homocysteine, physical inactivity, heredity and immune response in some diseases. The primary intention of prevention is to preclude the occurrence of risk factors for atherosclerosis, and the secondary is to prevent the development or aggravation of the illness along with the reduction or control of existing risks. There is an increasing number of studies that show that children are overweight, which in adolescence is certainly a risk factor for the onset of many chronic diseases, namely: cardiovascular, type 2 diabetes, orthopedic, and psychological diseases. The obesity epidemic is one of the most serious health problems of today affecting individuals of all ages. Atherosclerosis demands action with the aim of early detection and treatment as well as the reduction of development of risk factors for coronary artery diseases. Finding the most effective preventive measures for obesity in each country requires precise epidemiological data on the number of obese children and youth, as well as on their eating and activity habits.
Berenson G. Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Variables During the First Year of Life. Arch Pediatr. Adolesc Med. 1979. p. 1049.
2.
Berenson G, Srinivasan S, Smacd H, Nicklas T, Freedman D, Shear C. Risk Factors in Early Life as Predictors of Adult Heart Disease: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Med Sci. 1989. p. 141–51.
3.
Allam A, Thompson R, Wann L, Miyamoto M, El-Din N, El-Halim A, et al. Atherosclerosis in Ancient Egyptian Mummies. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011. p. 315–27.
4.
Dodson A, Hilton D. The complete royal families of ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson; 2004.
5.
Dinarević S. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis-a review. Br J Cardiol. 1994. p. 241–6.
6.
Moore S. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Metabolism. 1985. p. 13–6.
7.
Mesihović-Dinarević S. Risk factors for development of cardiovascular disease. 16th World Cardiology Congress. J Clin Exp Cardiol.
8.
Navab M, Fogelman A, Berliner J, Territo M, Er D, Frank L, et al. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol. 1995.
9.
Simone D, Mancusi G, Hanssen C, Genovesi H, Lurbe S, Parati E, et al. Hypertension in children and adolescents. Eur Heart J. 2022. p. 3290–301.
10.
Dinarević S, Mulaosmanović V. Primary prevention of hypertension in Sarajevo children: Role of adiposity. Abstr. Book 29th UMEMPS Congr. Union Middle East. Mediterr. Paediatr. Soc. 2005. p. 154–6.
11.
Libby P. The changing landscape of atherosclerosis. Nature. 2021. p. 524–33.
12.
Raitakari O, Pahkala K, Magnussen C. Prevention of atherosclerosis from childhood. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2022. p. 543–54.
13.
Berenson G, Srinivasan S, Newman B, Tracy W, Wattigney R, W. Association between Multiple Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Atherosclerosis in Children and Young Adults. N Engl J Med. 1998. p. 1650–6.
14.
Eurostat. Over half of adults in the EU are overweight 2021.
15.
Dinarević S, Hasanbegović S. Problem of obesity in children and youth in Canton Sarajevo. 2010. p. 1091.
16.
Alexescu T, Ciumarnean L, Negrean V, Pfingstgraf I, Lencu C, Toganel R. Risk factors of subclinical atherosclerosis in obesity and overweight. J Pak Med Assoc. 2020. p. 1.
17.
Nittari G, Scuri S, Petrelli F, Pirillo I, Luca N, Grappasonni I. Fighting obesity in children from European World Health Organization member states. Epidemiological data, medical-social aspects, and prevention programs. Clin Ter. 2019. p. 223–30.
18.
Cesare D, Sorić M, Bovet M, Miranda P, Bhutta J, Stevens Z, et al. The epidemiological burden of obesity in childhood: a worldwide epidemic requiring urgent action. BMC Med. 2019. p. 212.
19.
Sorić M, Bovet P. BMI categories for children and teens 2023.
20.
Nuttall F. Body Mass Index: Obesity, BMI, and Health A Critical Review. Nutr Today. 2015. p. 117–28.
21.
Wagle M, Antonio D, Reierth F, Basnet E, Trovik P, Orsini T, et al. Dental caries and preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2018. p. 18556.
22.
Kazeminia M, Abdi A, Shohaimi S, Jalali R, Vaisi-Raygani A, Salari N. Dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children’s worldwide.1995 to 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Head Face Med. 2020. p. 22.
23.
Zukanović A. Efficacy of Cariogram model in evaluation of caries risk-factors in 12-years old children. Efikasnost Cariogram modela u evaluaciji riziko faktora karijesa kod 12-godšnje djece. 2005.
24.
Zukanović A, Nakaš E, Marković N, Arslanagić A. Socioeconomic condition and dietary habits in relation to oral health in 12-year-old children from Sarajevo, Bosnia-Hercegovina. South Eur J Orthod Dentofac Res. 2018. p. 5–8.
25.
Šačić L, Marković N, Arslanagic-Muratbegovic A, Zukanovic A. Oral health status of the preschool children in the Sarajevo Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Stomatolos̆ki Vjesn. 2017. p. 3–8.
26.
Markovic D, Ristic-Medic D, Vucic V, Mitrovic G, Ivosevic N, Peric J, et al. Association between being overweight and oral health in serbian schoolchildren. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2015. p. 409–17.
27.
Ravaghi V, Rezaee A, Pallan M, Morris A. Childhood obesity and dental caries: an ecological inves-tigation of the shape and moderators of the association. BMC Oral Health. 2020. p. 338.
28.
Mesihović-Dinarević S, Topić B, Krželj V, Sporišević L, Ramić-Čatak A, Jogunčić A. Kardiovaskularne bolesti i oralno zdravlje -uticaj oralnog zdravlja trudnica na kardiovaskularno zdravlje djece. Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine. 2021.
29.
Pérez-Larraya G, Irimia J, Martínez-Vila P, Barba E, Guembe J, Varo M, et al. The influence of obesity on the assessment of carotid intimamedia thickness. J Clin Ultrasound. 2012. p. 479–85.
30.
Lisičić-Konaković M, Mesihović-Dinarević S, Bajrić E, Jurišić S, Musatrolić I, Ćubela M. Frequency of sweet and salty snack consumption among children in relation to their mothers’ education level. Med Glas Zenica. 2023.
31.
Samardžić S, Đurić G, Rudić-Grujić V, Radovanović G, Dizdarević T, Đorđević-Milošević S, et al. nutrition and health in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Nutr. Health Asp. Food Balk. Elsevier; 2021. p. 47–66.
32.
Touvier M, Costa Louzada D, Mozaffarian M, Baker D, Juul P, Srour F, et al. Ultra-processed foods and cardiometabolic health: public health policies to reduce consumption cannot wait. BMJ. p. 75294.
33.
Lisičić-Konaković M, Mesihović-Dinarević S, Bajrić E, Jurišić S, Musa-Trolić I, Ćubela M. Effects of poor eating habits on children’s body weight. Glob Pediatr. 2024. p. 100146.
34.
Sorić M, Bovet P. Checking LDL cholesterol in children during the systematic enrollment in school (provjera LDL kolesterola kod djece prilikom sistematskog za upis u školu. p. 2023.
35.
Global health estimates: Life expectancy and leading causes of death and disability. World Health Organization; 2021.
36.
Global action plan on physical activity 2018-2030: More active people for a healthier world. World Health Organization; 2018.
The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). We stay neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
