Aim To examine the presence of morphologic variations of occipital sulci patternsin patients with schizophrenia and migraine headacheregarding gender and laterality using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods This study included 80 patients and brain scans were performed to analyze interhemispheric symmetry and the sulcal patterns of the occipital region of both hemispheres. Average total volumes of both hemispheres of the healthy population were used for comparison. Results There was statistically significant difference between subjects considering gender (p=0.012)with no difference regarding age(p=0.1821). Parameters of parieto-occipital fissure (p=0.0314), body of the calcarine sulcus (p=0.0213), inferior sagittal sulcus (p=0.0443), and lateral occipital sulcus (p=0.0411) showed statistically significant difference only of left hemisphere in male patients with schizophrenia with shallowerdepth of the sulcus. Conclusion Representation of neuroanatomical structures suggests the existence of structural neuroanatomic disorders with focal brain changes. Comparative analysis of occipital lobe and their morphologic structures (cortical dysmorphology) in patients with schizophreniausing MRI, according to genderindicates a significant cortical reduction in the left hemisphere only in the group of male patients compared to female patients and the control group.
Watt D, Katz K, Sheperd M. The natural history of schizophrenia: a 5-year prospective follow-up of arepresentative sample of schizophrenics by means of a standardized clinical and social assessment. Psychol Med. 1983. p. 663–70.
2.
Häfner H, Heiden W. Course and outcome of schizophrenia. Hirsch&Weinberger (Eds.). Schizophrenia.Oxford:Blackwell Publishing. 2003. p. 101–39.
3.
Palmer B, Dawes S, Heaton R. What do we know about neuropsychological aspects of schizophrenia? Neuropsychol Rev. 2009. p. 365–84.
4.
Kitiş O, Eker M, Zengin B, Akyılmaz D, Yalvaç D, Ozdemir H, et al. The disrupted connection between cerebral hemispheres in schizophrenia patients: a diffusion tensor imagining study. Turk Psykia-tryDerg. 2011. p. 213–21.
5.
Fitzsimmons J, Kubicki M, Shenton M. Review of functional and anatomical brain connectivity findings in schizophrenia. CurrOpin. 2013. p. 72–87.
6.
Shenton M, Dickey C, Frumin M, Mccarley R. A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia. SchizophrRes. 2001. p. 1–52.
7.
Steen R, Mull C, Mcclure R, Hamer R, Lieberman J. Brain volume in first-episode schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies. Br J Psychiatry. 2006. p. 510–8.
8.
Collin G, De Reus M, Cahn W, Pol H, Kahn H, Van Den Heuvel R, et al. Disturbed grey matter coupling in schizophrenia. EurNeuropsychopharmacol. 2013. p. 46–54.
9.
Arnone D, Cavanagh J, Gerber D, Lawrie S, Ebmeier K, Mcintosh A. Magnetic resonance imaging studies in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2009. p. 194–5.
10.
Baiano M, David A, Versace A, Churchill R, Balestrieri M, P. Anterior cingulate volumes in schizophrenia: a systematic review and a meta-analysis of MRI studies. Schizophr Res. 2007. p. 1–12.
11.
The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Diagnostic Criteria for Research. World Health Organization. World Health Organization; 1993.
12.
The International Classification of Headache Disorders. 2nd Ed. Blackwell Publishing; 2004.
13.
Watkins K, Paus T, Lerch J, Zijdenbos A, Collins D, Neelin P, et al.
14.
Worsley K, Evans A. Structural asymmetries in the human brain: a voxel-based statistical analysis of 142 MRI scans. CerebCortex. 2001. p. 868–77.
15.
Malikovic A, Vucetic B, Milisavljevic M, Tosevski J, Sazdanovic P, Milojevic B, et al. Occipital sulci of the human brain: variability and morphometry. AnatSciInt. 2012. p. 61–70.
16.
Rubinov M, Bullmore E. Schizophrenia and abnormal brain network hubs. Dialogues ClinNeurosci. 2013. p. 339–49.
17.
Hambrecht M, Maurer K, Hafner H. Evidence for a gender bias in epidemiological studies of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 1992. p. 223–31.
18.
Abbs B, Liang L, Makris N, Tsuang M. Covariance modeling of MRI brain volumes in memory circuitry in schizophrenia: sex differences are critical. Neuroimage. 2011. p. 1865–74.
19.
Andreasennc, Erhardt J, Swayze V, Alliger R, Yuh W, Cohen G, et al. MRI of the brain in Schizophrenia.Arch GenPsychatry. 1990. p. 35–44.
20.
Castle D, Abel K, Takei N, Murray R. Gender differences in Schizophrenia: Hormonal effect or sub-types. Schizophr Bull. 1995. p. 1–12.
21.
Hambrecht M, Maurer K, Hafner H. Evidence for a gender bias in epidemiological studies of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 1992. p. 223–31.
22.
Palmer B, Dawes S, Heaton R. What do we know about neuropsychological aspects of schizophrenia? Neuropsychol Rev. 2009. p. 365–84.
23.
Crespo-Facorro B, Barbadillo L, Pelayo-Terán J, Rodriguez-Sánchez J. Neuropsychological functioning and brain structure inschizophrenia. Int RevPsychiatry. 2007. p. 325–36.
24.
Zhang Y, Lin L, Lin C, Zhou Y, Chou K, Cy L, et al. Abnormal topological organization of structural brain networks in schizophrenia. Schizoph Res. 2012. p. 109–18.
25.
Bora E, Fornito A, Radua J, Walterfang M, Seal M, Wood S, et al. Neuroanatomical abnormalities in schizophrenia: a multimodal voxelwise meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. SchizophrRes. 2011. p. 46–57.
26.
Collin G, Cahn W, Pol H, Kahn R. Disturbed grey matter coupling in schizophrenia. EurNeuropsychopharmacol. 2013. p. 46–54.
27.
Zalesky A, Fornito A, Bullmore E. Network-based ststistic: identifying differences in brain networorks. Neuroimage. 2010. p. 1197–207.
28.
Davatzkikos C, Shen D, Gur R, Wu X, Liu D, Fan Y, et al. Whole-brain morphometric study of schizophrenia revealing a spatially complex set of focal abnormalities. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005. p. 1218–27.
29.
Andreasen N, Ehrhardt J, Swayze V, Alliger R, Yuh W, Cohen G, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in schizophrenia. The pathophysiologic significance of structural abnormalities. ArchGenPsychiatry. 1990. p. 35–44.
30.
Tononig, Edelman G. Schizophrenia and the mechanisms of conscious integration. Brain Re-sRev. 2000. p. 391–391.
31.
Biswal B, Mennes M, Zuo X, Gohel S, Kelly C, Smith S, et al. Toward discovery science of human brain function. Proc NatlAcadSciUSA. 2010. p. 4734–9.
32.
Andreasen N, Flashman L, Flaum M, Arndt S, Swayze V 2nd O, Leary D. Regional brain abnormalities in schizophrenia measured with magnetic resonance imaging. JAMA. 1994. p. 1763–9.
33.
Falkai P, Schneider T, Greve B, Klieser E, Bogerts B. Reduced frontal and occipital lobe asymmetry on the CT-scans of schizophrenic patients. Its specificity and clinical significance. J Neural Transm Gen Sect. 1995. p. 63–77.
34.
Phillips O, Nuechterlein K, Asarnow R, Clark K, Cabeen R, Yang Y, et al. Mapping corticocortical structural integrity in schizophrenia and effects of genetic liability. Biol Psychiatry. 2011. p. 680–9.
35.
Alexander-Bloch A, Giedd J, Bullmore E. Imaging structural co-variance between human brain regions. Nat RevNeurosci. 2013. p. 322–36.
36.
Andreasen N, Dennert J, Olsen S, Damasio A. Hemispheric asymmetries and schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1982. p. 427–30.
37.
Keshavan M, Tandon R, Boutros N, Nasrallah H, Schizophrenia. just the facts": what we know in 2008 Part 3: neurobiology. Schizophr Res. 2008. p. 89–107.
38.
Eyler L, Jeste D, Brown G. Brain response abnormalities during verbal learning among patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2008. p. 11–25.
39.
Thorn C, Atallah H, Howe M, Graybiel A. Differential dynamics of activity changes in dorsolateral and dorsomedial striatal loops during learning. Neuron. 2010. p. 781–95.
40.
Skudlarski P, Jagannathan K, Anderson K, Stevens M, Calhoun V, Skudlarska B, et al. Brain connectivity is not only lower but different in schizophrenia: a combined anatomical and functional approach. Biol Psychiatry. 2010. p. 61–9.
41.
Stephan K, Baldeweg T, Friston K. Synaptic plasticity and disconnection in schizophrenia. Bi-olPsychiatry. 2006. p. 929–39.
42.
Wang Q, Su T, Zhou Y, Chou K, Chen I, Jiang T, et al. Anatomical insights into disrupted smallworldnetworks in schizophrenia. Neuroimage. 2011. p. 1085–93.
The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). We stay neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.