Aim To investigate possible differences in serum glucose and sodium and potassium concentrations with respect to age, gender and severity of diabetic ketoacidosis. Methods Medical records from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2019 were reviewed and patients with the diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis were selected. Results The study included 52 patients. Glucose concentration was significantly higher in the age group of 25-44 and >65 years compared to the group of 18-24 years (p=0.02). Sodium concentration was significantly higher in the age group 18-24 and >65 years compared to groups 25-44 and 45-65 years (p=0.002). Females had significantly higher sodium concentration than males (p=0.002). Potassium concentration was significantly higher in the age group 25-44 years compared to other groups (p=0.01). Males had significantly higher potassium concentration (p =0.01). Conclusion This study showed that significant differences exist in electrolyte concentration between specific age groups, male and female gender as well as DKA severity. Knowing these differences could help clinicians to promptly recognize and treat electrolyte derangements, leading to better outcome of patients with DKA.
Nyenwe E, Kitabchi A. The evolution of diabetic ketoacidosis: an update of its etiology, pathogenesis and management. Metabolism. 2016. p. 507–21.
2.
Lazarević P, Stanojević D, Krstić V. The analysis of factors associated with improved glycemic control in patients with insulin-requiring type 2 diabetes mellitus. Med Glas. 2013. p. 86–92.
3.
Giovanni D, Meo P, Cedrone F, F, ’addezio D, M, et al. Staniscia T. Predictors and trend of ketoacidosis hospitalization rate in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients from 2006 to. Clin Ter. 2015. p. e53-58.
4.
Majanović K, S, Orlić C, Zorić Ž, Bićanić Č, N. Hitna stanja u endokrinologiji (Emergencies in endocrinology). Med Flum. 2013. p. 391–404.
5.
Šaranović L, Krdžalić N. Dijabetična ketoacidoza (DKA) kod tipa 1 i tipa 2 diabetes melitusa -kliničke i biohemijske razlike (Diabetic ketoacidosis in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus -clinical and biochemical differences). Med Glas. 2007. p. 5.
6.
Bonora B, Avogaro A, Fadini G. Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors and diabetic ketoacidosis: an updated review of the literature. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018. p. 25–33.
7.
Dhatariya K. Defining and characterising diabetic ketoacidosis in adults. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019. p. 107797.
8.
Umpierrez G, Korytkowski M. Diabetic emergencies -ketoacidosis, hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state and hypoglycaemia. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016. p. 222–32.
9.
Ahuja W, Kumar N, Kumar S, Rizwan A. Precipitating risk factors, clinical presentation, and outcome of diabetic ketoacidosis in patients with type 1 diabetes. Cureus. 2019. p. 4789.
10.
Lapolla A, Amaro F, Bruttomesso D, Bartolo D, Grassi P, Maffeis G, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis: a consensus statement of the Italian Association of Medical Diabetologists (AMD), Italian Society of Diabetology (SID), Italian Society of Endocrinology and Pediatric Diabetoloy (SIEDP). Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2020. p. 1633–44.
11.
Wang M, Hng TM. HbA1c: More than just a number. Aust J Gen Pract. 2021. p. 628–32.
12.
Dhatariya K, Umpierrez G. Guidelines for management of diabetic ketoacidosis: time to revise. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017. p. 321–3.
13.
Kitabchi A, Umpierrez G, Miles J, Fisher J. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009. p. 1335–43.
14.
French K, Donihi E, Korytkowski A, M. Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome: review of acute decompensated diabetes in adult patients. BMJ. 2019. p. 1114.
15.
Kamel K, Halperin M. Acid-base problems in diabetic ketoacidosis. N Engl J Med. 2015. p. 546–54.
16.
Hare M, Deitch J, Kang M, Bach L. Clinical, psychological and demographic factors in a contemporary adult cohort with diabetic ketoacidosis and type 1 diabetes. Intern Med J. 2020.
17.
Guisado-Vasco P, Cano-Megías M, Carrasco-De La Fuente M, Corres-González J, Matei A, González-Albarrán O. Clinical features, mortality, hospital admission and length of stay of a cohort of adult patients with diabetic ketoacidosis attending the emergency room of a tertiary hospital in Spain. Endocrinol Nutr Organo Soc Espanola. 2015. p. 277–84.
18.
Mahesh M, Shivaswamy R, Chandra B, Syed S. The study of different clinical pattern of diabetic ketoacidosis and common precipitating events and independent mortality factors. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017. p. 42–6.
19.
Nagae M, Umegaki H, Onishi J, Huang C, Yamada Y, Watanabe K, et al. Chronic dehydration in nursing home residents. Nutrients. 2020. p. 3562.
20.
Wojszel Z. Impending low intake dehydration at admission to a geriatric ward-prevalence and correlates in a cross-sectional study. Nutrients. 2020.
21.
Older adults: standards of medical care in diabetes-2020. Diabetes Care. American Diabetes Association; 2020. p. 152–62.
22.
Schwarzfuchs D, Rabaev E, Sagy I, Zimhony-Nissim N, Lipnitzki I, Musa H, et al. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of diabetic ketoacidosis in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020. p. 1256–61.
23.
Newton C, Raskin P. Diabetic ketoacidosis in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: clinical and biochemical differences. Arch Intern Med. 2004. p. 1925–31.
24.
Estifan E, Nanavati S, Kumar V, Gibiezaite S, Michael P. Salty diabetes: a case series of hypernatremia presenting with diabetic ketoacidosis. AME Case Rep. 2019. p. 27.
25.
Tzamaloukas A, Khitan Z, Glew R, Roumelioti ME, Rondon-Berrios H, Elisaf M, et al. Serum sodium concentration and tonicity in hyperglycemic crises: major influences and treatment implications. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019. p. 11786.
26.
Liamis G, Liberopoulos E, Barkas F, Elisaf M. Diabetes mellitus and electrolyte disorders. World J Clin Cases. 2014. p. 488–96.
27.
Beck A, Seemer J, Knudsen A, Munk T. Narrative review of low-intake dehydration in older adults. Nutrients. 2021. p. 3142.
28.
Duca L, Reboussin B, Pihoker C, Imperatore G, Saydah S, Mayer-Davis E, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and glycemic control over time: the SEARCH for diabetes in youth study. Pediatr Diabetes. 2019. p. 172–9.
29.
Usman A, Shaikh M, Dujaili J, Mustafa N, Gan S. Re-visiting pH-adjusted potassium to avoid hypokalemic crisis during management of diabetic ketoacidosis: a conceptual framework. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2021. p. 573–80.
30.
Barski L, Nevzorov R, Rabaev E, Jotkowitz A, Harman-Boehm I, Zektser M, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis: clinical characteristics, precipitating factors and outcomes of care. Isr Med Assoc J. 2012. p. 299–303.
The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). We stay neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.