The effect of statin administration on IL-6 and IL-1b expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a hypertensive patient with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein stimulation
Aim The infection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus potentially causes a cytokine storm with elevated IL-6 and IL-1β levels. Statin therapy was common among COVID-19 patients due to their cardiovascular comorbidities. However, the effect of statins on COVID-19 infection is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of statin administration on IL-6 and IL-1β level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after SARS-CoV-2 spike protein stimulation. Methods The PBMCs were isolated from a hypertensive patient and stimulated by the SARS-CoV-2 subunit S1 spike protein. The PBMCs were then divided into four treatment groups and treated with simvastatin at various doses (10 µM, 25 µM, 50 µM, and control). IL-6 and IL-1β were measured from the supernatant using the ELISA method. Results The stimulation of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in PBMC cell culture statistically increased IL-6 and IL1β expression of 5.2 and 35.07 fold, respectively (p<0.05). The expressions of IL-6 and IL-1β were not statistically significant among three simvastatin doses and control. Conclusion Statin administration did not have significant effect on IL-6 and IL-1β levels in PBMCs after SARS-CoV-2 spike protein stimulation in this study, a further study is needed.
Weekly Operational Update on COVID-19. Emerg Situational Updat. World Health Organization (WHO); 2021. p. 1–10.
2.
Hu B, Huang S, Yin L. The cytokine storm and CO-VID-19. J Med Virol. 2021. p. 250–6.
3.
Zhang X, Qin J, Cheng X, Shen L, Zhao Y, Yuan Y, et al. In-hospital use of statins is associated with a reduced risk of mortality among individuals with COVID-19. Cell Metab. 2020. p. 176.
4.
Dashti-Khavidaki S, Khalili H. Considerations for statin therapy in patients with COVID-19. Pharmacotherapy. 2020. p. 484–6.
5.
Maes B, Bosteels C, Leeuw D, Declercq E, Van Damme J, Delporte K, et al. Treatment of severely ill COVID-19 patients with anti-interleukin drugs (COV-AID): a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2020. p. 556.
6.
Richardson S, Hirsch J, Narasimhan M, Crawford J, Mcginn T, Davidson K;, et al. Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and cutcomes cmong 5700 catients cospitalized cith COVID-19 in the New York City area. JAMA. 2020. p. 2052–9.
7.
Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 cospitalized patients with 2019 NovelCoronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan. JAMA. 2020. p. 1061.
8.
Chansrichavala P, Chantharaksri U, Sritara P, Chaiyaroj S. Atorvastatin attenuates TLR4-mediated NF-κB activation in a MyD88-dependent pathway. Asian Pasific J Allergy Immunol. 2009. p. 49–57.
9.
Kruger P, Bailey M, Bellomo R, Cooper D, Harward M, Higgins A, et al. A multicenter randomized trial of atorvastatin therapy in intensive care patients with severe sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013. p. 743–50.
10.
Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W, Jiang L, Song J. Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan. Intensive Care Med. 2020. p. 846–8.
11.
Vandermeer M, Thomas A, Kamimoto L, Reingold A, Gershman K, Meek J, et al. Association between use of statins and mortality among patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infections: a multistate study. J Infect Dis. 2012. p. 13–9.
12.
Laidler M, Thomas A, Baumbach J, Kirley P, Meek J, Aragon D, et al. Statin treatment and mortality: propensity score-matched analyses of 2007-2008 and 2009-2010 laboratory-confirmed influenza hospitalizations. Open forum Infect Dis. 2015. p. 28.
13.
Dosch S, Mahajan S, Collins A. SARS coronavirus spike protein-induced innate immune response occurs via activation of the NF-kappaB pathway in human monocyte macrophages in vitro. Virus Res. 2009. p. 19–27.
14.
Krishnan S, Sobey C, Latz E, Mansell A, Drummond G. IL-1β and IL-18: inflammatory markers or mediators of hypertension. Br J Pharmacol. 2014. p. 5589–602.
15.
Ayeh S, Abbey E, Khalifa B, Nudotor R, Osei A, Chidambaram V, et al. Statins use and COVID-19 outcomes in hospitalized patients. PLoS One. 2021. p. 256899.
16.
Diaz-Arocutipa C, Melgar-Talavera B, Alvarado-Yarasca Á, Bartra S, Cazorla M, Belzusarri P, et al. Statins reduce mortality in patients with COVID-19: an updated meta-analysis of 147 824 patients. Int J Infect Dis. 2021. p. 374.
17.
Liberale L, Carbone F, Camici G, Montecucco F. IL-1β and statin treatment in patients with myocardial infarction and diabetic cardiomyopathy. J Clin Med. 2019. p. 1764.
18.
Gasbarrino K, Hafiane A, Zheng H, Daskalopoulou S. Intensive statin therapy compromises the adiponectin-adipoR pathway in the human monocyte-macrophage lineage. Stroke. 2019. p. 3609–17.
19.
Sathyapalan T, Shepherd J, Atkin S, Kilpatrick E. The effect of atorvastatin and simvastatin on vitamin D, oxidative stress and inflammatory marker concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes: a crossover study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013. p. 767–9.
20.
Li Q, Deng Q, Li J, Yi G, Zhao S. Valsartan reduces interleukin-1beta secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with essential hypertension. Clin Chim Acta. 2005. p. 131–6.
21.
Franzoni F, Quiñones-Galvan A, Regoli F, Ferrannini E, Galetta F. A comparative study of the in vitro antioxidant activity of statins. Int J Cardiol. 2003. p. 317–21.
22.
Greenwood J, Mason J. Statins and the vascular endothelial inflammatory response. Trends Immunol. 2007. p. 88–98.
The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). We stay neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
,
