Aim To investigate the efficacy of electrolyzed water against viruses and its safety to the skin. Methods Virus culture was carried out at level-3 Bio-Safety (BSL3) facilities. The test material was prepared at room temperature mixed with one part virus suspension and one organic load. As an antiseptic and disinfectant control, 0.7% formaldehyde was used. Cytotoxic effects of electrolyzed water were performed on Vero cells. In order to assess the safety of electrolyzed water, a skin sensitivity test was conducted for electrolyzed water exposure. Results Electrolyzed water has a higher value of reduction factor than antiseptic and disinfectant control, formaldehyde, and it was statistically different from control. Cytotoxicity test results on Vero cells showed that electrolyzed water demonstrated safety in Vero cell viability. As many as 58 participants who met the inclusion criteria took electrolyzed water sensitivity test to the skin. The sensitivity test showed that participants with reactions to electrolyzed water were all female, with a mean age of 32.6 years. The patch-test was positive in 3 of 4 participants who reacted to the product. Conclusion Electrolyzed water is effective as a new antiseptic and disinfectant against viruses and safe for human skin.
Song Z, Xu Y, Bao L, Zhang L, Yu P, Qu Y, et al. From SARS to MERS, thrusting coronaviruses into the spotlight. Viruses. 2019;59.
2.
Liu S, Saif L. Emerging viruses without borders: The Wuhan coronavirus. Viruses. 2020;130.
3.
Chan J, Yuan S, Kok K, To K, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 2020;514–23.
4.
Jin Y, Yang H, Wu J, Chen W, Zhang S, Duan W, et al. Virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control of COVID-19. Viruses. 2020;372.
5.
Wulandari P, Hidayat R. General anxiety disorderrelated coronavirus disease-19 outbreak in Indonesia: a case report. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2020;36–8.
6.
Yan P, Daliri E, Oh D. New clinical applications of electrolyzed water: a review. Microorganisms. 2021;136.
7.
Jing J, Yi T, Bose R, Mccarthy J, Tharmalingam N, Madheswaran T. Hand sanitizers: a review on formulation aspects, adverse effects and regulations. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;3326.
8.
Duarte I, Silveira J, Hafner M. Sensitive skin: review of an ascending concept. An Bras Dermatol. 2017;521–5.
9.
Olowatuyi S, Agbele A, Ogunrinde M, Ayo A, Ayo A, Fayoke A, et al. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers: review of efficacy and adverse effect. J Health Med Nursing. 2020;102–17.
10.
Athayde D, Flores D, Silva J, Silva M, Genro A, Wagner R, et al. Characteristic and use of electrolyzed water in food industries. Int Food Res J. 2018;12–6.
11.
Kim H, Tango C, Chelliah R, Oh D. Sanitization efficacy of slightly acidic electrolyzed water again pure cultures of Escheriscia coli, Salmonella enterica, Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus spores, in comparison with different water hardness. Sci Rep. 2019;4348.
12.
Moorman E, Montazeri N, Jaykus L. Efficacy of neutral electrolyzed water for inactivation of human norovirus. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2017;653–70.
13.
Sakuma C, Sekizuka T, Kuroda M, Kasai F, Saito K, Ikeda M, et al. Novel endogenous simian retroviral integrations in Vero cells: implications for quality control of a human vaccine cell substrate. Sci Rep. 2018;644.
14.
Eichenfield L, Ahluwalia J, Waldman A, Borok J, Udkoff J, Boguniewicz M. Current guidelines for the evaluation and management of atopic dermatitis: a comparison of the joint task force practice parameter and American Academy of Dermatology guidelines. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;49–57.
15.
Takeda Y, Uchiumi H, Matsuda S, Ogawa H. Acidic electrolyzed water potently inactivates SARS-CoV-2 depending on the amount of free available chlorine contacting with the virus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2020;1–3.
16.
Block M, Rowan B. Hypochlorous acid: A review. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020;1461–6.
17.
Sipahi H, Reis R, Dinc O, Kavaz T, Dimoglo A, Aydin A. In vitro biocompatibility study approaches to evaluate the safety profile of electrolyzed water for skin and eye. Human Exp Toxicol. 2019;1314–26.
18.
Dewi F, Stanley R, Powell S, Burke C. Application of electrolysed oxidising water as a sanitiser to extend the shelf-life of seafood products: a review. J Food Sci Technol. 2017;1321–32.
19.
Fadriquela A, Sajo M, Bajgai J, Kim D, Kin C, Kim S, et al. Effects of strong acidic electrolyzed water in wound healing via inflammatory and oxidative stress response. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020;
20.
Novak-Bilic G, Vucic M, Japundzic I, Mestrovic-Stefekov J, Lugovic-Mihic L. Irritant and allergic contact dermatitis-skin lesion characteristics. Acta Clin Croat. 2018;713–20.
The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). We stay neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
,
