Aim To determine the effectiveness of avocado peel extract (Persea americana Mill) as an antifungal against T. rubrum, which causes dermatophytosis. Methods In vitro laboratory experimental study using a post-testonly control group design analysed active compounds of avocado peel and continued with the antifungal activity test. In each group divided according to the concentration of 0% (negative control), 12.5%, 25%, 37.5%, 50%, 62.5%, 75%, and positive control (2% ketoconazole) antifungal activity test was carried out using the fungus T. rubrum ATCC 28188 for five repetitions. Results The avocado peel extract contained phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, and glycosides. Antifungal activity test showed a significant difference with the highest mean inhibition zone diameter of T. rubrum, which was demonstrated at a concentration of 75%. Conclusion Avocado peel extract is useful to inhibit growth of Trichophyton rubrum in dose dependent.
Arif T, Bhosale JD, Kumar N, Mandal TK, Bendre RS, Lavekar GS, et al. Natural products – antifungal agents derived from plants. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2009;11:621–38.
2.
Garbin BRP, Demitto FO, Amaral RCR, Ferreira MRA, Soares LAL, Svidzinski TIE, et al. Antifungal potential of plant species from Brazilian caatinga against dermatophytes. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2016;58(18).
3.
Vinha AF, Moreira J, Barreira SVP. Physicochemical parameters, phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of the Algarvian avocado (Persea americana Mill. J Agric Sci. 2013;5(12).
4.
Oliveira CS, Andrade JKS, Rajan M, Narain N. Influence of the phytochemical profile on the peel, seed, and pulp of Margarida, Breda, and geada varieties of avocado (Persea Americana Mill) associated with their antioxidant potential. Food Sci Technol Campinas. 2022;42:1–9.
5.
Kopon AM, Baunsele AB, Boelan EG. Skrining Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Ekstrak Metanol Biji Alpukat (Persea Americana Mill.) Asal Pulau Timor. (Screening for secondary metabolite compounds methanol extract of avocado (Persea americana Mill.
6.
Azizah M, Akbar PTA, Hasanah M. Uji Aktifitas Antifungal Ekstrak Etanol Biji Alpukat (Persea Americana Mill) terhadap jamur kulit Trichophyton Rubrum ATCC 28188, Epidermophyton flocosum ATCC 50266 dan Microsporum Canis ATCC 32699 (Antifungal activity test of avocado seed ethanol extract (Persea americana Mill. In: against skin fungi Trichophyton Rubrum ATCC 28188, Epidermophyton flocosum ATCC 50266.
7.
Wulandari G, Rahman AA, Rubiyanti R. Antibacterial activity of avocados peel (Persea americana Mill) extract on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Media informasi. 2019;15:74–80.
8.
Lopez SNJ, Salmerón-Ruiz ML, DomínguezAvila JA, Villegas-Ochoa MA, Ayala-Zavala JF, González-Aguilar GA. Phenolic compounds from ‘Hass’ avocado peel are retained in the indigestible fraction after an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. J Food Meas Charact. 2021;15:1982–90.
9.
Rosero JC, Cruz S, Osorio C, Hurtado N. Analysis of phenolic composition of byproducts (seeds and peels) of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) cultivated in Colombia. Molecules. 2019;24(3209).
10.
Adebowale BF, Olubunmi OF, Oritsegbubemi OS, Josiah CG, Mayowa OE. Antimicrobial activity and preliminary phytochemical screening of oil extracted from food waste generated from Persea americana. Nigerian Journal of Science and Environment. 2021(19).
11.
Depkes RI. Materia medika Indonesia. Edisi VI (Indonesian medical material. In: Indonesian. 1995. p. 297–337.
12.
Pratiwi ST. Mikrobiologi Farmasi (Pharmaceutical Microbiology. 2008;105–17.
13.
Mendrofa EPM, Halawa C, Fachrial E, Lubis YM. Uji Efektivitas Antifungal Ekstrak Kulit Buah Alpukat (Persea Americana) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Jamur Candida Albicans Dan Aspergillus Niger Secara In Vitro (Antifungal effectiveness test of avocado peel extract (Persea Americana) against in vitro growth of Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger fungi. Indonesian] Jurnal Biosains. 2019;1 1-7.
14.
Tahun PKTDKHNBKP. Pedoman Sertifikasi Fitosanitari Buah Alpukat Indonesia (Guidelines For Phytosanitary Certification For Indonesian Avocado Fresh Fruits. In: Indonesian. 2015.
15.
Maranhao FC, Junior OJB, Araujo SMA. Mycoses in northeastern Brazil: epidemiology and prevalence of fungal species in 8 years of retrospective analysis in Alagoas. Braz J Microbiol. 2019;50:969–78.
16.
Kalita JM, Sharma A, Bhardwaj A, Nag VL. Dermatophytoses and spectrum of dermatophytes in patients attending a teaching hospital in Western Rajasthan, India. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019;8:1418–21.
17.
Dyatiara D, Ervianti E. Studi Retrospektif: Karakteristik Dermatofitosis (Characteristic of dermatophytosis: a retrospective study. In: Indonesian] Berkala Ilmu Kesehatan Kulit dan Kelamin – Periodical of Dermatology and Venereology. 2018. p. 66–72.
18.
Dalimunthe D, Putra I, Jusuf N. Infectious and noninfectious skin diseases pattern in Dermatology and Venereology Department, Universitas Sumatera Utara Hospital, Medan, Indonesia in 2018. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (ICTROMI 2019. 2020. p. 68–71.
19.
AL-Khikani FH. Dermatophytosis a worldwide contiguous fungal infection: Growing challenge and few solutions. Biomed Biotechnol Res J. 2020;4:117–22.
20.
Araujo RG, Jasso R, Ruiz RM, Pintado A, C.N. Avocado by-products: nutritional and functional properties. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2018;80:51–60.
21.
Makopa M, Mangiza B, Banda B, Mozirandi B, Mombeshora M, Mukanganyama S. Antibacterial, antifungal, and antidiabetic effects of leaf extracts from Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae. Biochem Res Int. 2020:1–8.
22.
Alpukat ANNTAPPARB. Terhadap Pertumbuhan Jamur Candida albicans Secara In Vitro (The effect of water decoction of avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill) on the growth of Candida albicans fungus in vitro. Indonesian] Journal of Issues in Midwifery. 2021;2:67–76.
23.
Azizah M, Akbar PTA, Hasanah M. Uji Aktifitas Antifungal Ekstrak Etanol Biji Alpukat (Persea Americana Mill) terhadap jamur kulit Trichophyton rubrum ATCC 28188, Epidermophyton flocosum ATCC 50266 dan Microsporum canis ATCC 32699 (Antifungal activity test of avocado seed ethanol extract (Persea Americana Mill. In: against skin fungi Trichophyton rubrum ATCC 28188, Epidermophyton floccosum ATCC 50266, and Microsporum canis ATCC 32699) [In Indonesian] JKSP 2021. p. 177–82.
24.
Colombo R, Papetti A. Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) by‐products and their impact: from bioactive compounds to biomass energy and sorbent material for removing contaminants. A review. Int J Food Sci. 2019;54:943–51.
25.
Marsigit W, Mary A, Sri A, Sri N. Kandungan gizi, rendemen tepung, dan kadar fenol total alpukat (Persea americana Mill) varietas ijo panjang dan ijo bundar (Nutritional content, flour yield, and total phenol content of avocado (Persea americana Mill) long green and round green varieties. Indonesian] Agritech. 2016(36).
26.
Nasution MS. Identifikasi Tanaman Alpukat (Persea americana) Sebagai Tanaman Multi Purpose Tree Species (Mpts) Di Tiga Kabupaten Dataran Tinggi Di Sumatera Utara (Identification of avocado plants (Persea americana.
The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). We stay neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.