Aim This study provides a comprehensive review of the current literature on the use of ChatGPT, a generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) tool, in neurosurgery. The study examines potential benefits and limitations of ChatGPT in neurosurgical practice and education. Methods The study involved a systematic review of the current literature on the use of AI in neurosurgery, with a focus on ChatGPT. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed to ensure a comprehensive and transparent review process. Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. The data extracted from the included studies were analysed and synthesized to provide an overview of the current state of research on the use of ChatGPT in neurosurgery. Results The ChatGPT showed a potential to complement and enhance neurosurgical practice. However, there are risks and limitations associated with its use, including question format limitations, validation challenges, and algorithmic bias. The study highlights the importance of validating machine-generated content for accuracy and addressing ethical concerns associated with AI technologies. The study also identifies potential benefits of ChatGPT, such as providing personalized treatment plans, supporting surgical planning and navigation, and enhancing large data processing efficiency and accuracy. Conclusion The integration of AI technologies into neurosurgery should be approached with caution and careful consideration of ethical and validation issues. Continued research and development of AI tools in neurosurgery can help us further understand their potential benefits and limitations.
Wang C, Liu S, Yang H, Guo J, Wu Y, Liu J. Ethical considerations of using ChatGPT in health care. J Med Internet Res 2023;25:e48009.
2
Zamarud A, Park DJ, Haider G, Chang SD, Meola A. Cyberknife radiosurgery for synovial sarcoma metastasizing to the spine: illustrative case reports. Cureus 2023;15:e37087.
3
Biswas SS. Role of Chat GPT in public health. Ann Biomed Eng 2023;51:868–9.
4
Datt M, Sharma H, Aggarwal N, Sharma S. Role of ChatGPT-4 for medical researchers. Ann Biomed Eng 2023.
5
Chintagunta B, Katariya N, Amatriain X, Kannan A. Medically aware GPT-3 as a data generator for medical dialogue summarization. Proceedings of Machine Learning Research 2021;126:1–18.
6
Milne-Ives M, Cock C, Lim E, Shehadeh MH, Pennington N, Mole G, et al. The effectiveness of artificial intelligence conversational agents in health care: systematic review. J Med Internet Res 2020;22:e20346.
7
Lyu Q, Tan J, Zapadka ME, Ponnatapura J, Niu C, Myers KJ, et al. Translating radiology reports into plain language using ChatGPT and GPT-4 with prompt learning: results, limitations, and potential. Vis Comput Ind Biomed Art 2023;6:9–15.
8
Jeblick K, Schachtner B, Dexl J, Mittermeier A, Stüber A, Topalis J, et al. ChatGPT makes medicine easy to swallow: an exploratory case study on simplified radiology reports n.d.
9
Waisberg E, Ong J, Masalkhi M, Kamran SA, Zaman N, Sarker P, et al. GPT-4 and ophthalmology operative notes. Ann Biomed Eng 2023.
10
Patel SB, Lam K. ChatGPT: the future of discharge summaries? Lancet Digit Health 2023;5:107–8.
11
Temsah MH, Aljamaan F, Malki KH, Alhasan K, Altamimi I, Aljarbou R, et al. ChatGPT and the future of digital health: a study on healthcare workers’ perceptions and expectations. Healthcare (Basel 2023;11;(1812).
12
Liu S, Wright AP, Patterson BL, Wanderer JP, Turer RW, Nelson SD, et al. Using AI-generated suggestions from ChatGPT to optimize clinical decision support. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2023;30:1237–45.
13
Pojskić M, Bopp M, Saß B, Kirschbaum A, Nimsky C, Carl B. Intraoperative computed tomographybased navigation with augmented reality for lateral approaches to the spine. Brain Sci 2021;11:646–54.
14
Zamarud A, Marianayagam N, Sekar V, Chang SD, Meola A. Treatment outcomes of leiomyosarcoma metastasis affecting the brachial plexus: a comparative case report using chat generative pre-trained transformer (ChatGPT. Cureus 2023;15:e36715.
15
Guleria A, Krishan K, Sharma V, Kanchan T. ChatGPT: Forensic, legal, and ethical issues. Med Sci Law n.d.;2023;(258024231191829).
16
Zhang J, Zhang ZM. Ethics and governance of trustworthy medical artificial intelligence. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2023;23:7–14.
17
Anders BA. Is using ChatGPT cheating, plagiarism, both, neither, or forward thinking? Patterns 2023;4;(100694).
18
Zanca F, Brusasco C, Pesapane F, Kwade Z, Beckers R, Avanzo M. Regulatory aspects of the use of artificial intelligence medical software. Semin Radiat Oncol 2022;32:432–41.
19
Karhade AV, Thio QCBS, Ogink PT, Shah AA, Bono CM, Oh KS, et al. Development of machine learning algorithms for prediction of 30-day mortality after surgery for spinal metastasis. Neurosurgery 2019;85:83–91.
20
Ames CP, Smith JS, Pellisé F, Kelly M, Alanay A, Acaroglu E, et al. Artificial intelligence based hierarchical clustering of patient types and intervention categories in adult spinal deformity surgery: towards a new classification scheme that predicts quality and value. Spine 2019;44:915–26.
21
Azimi P, Mohammadi HR, Benzel EC, Shahzadi S, Azhari S. Use of artificial neural networks to predict recurrent lumbar disk herniation. Clinical Spine Surgery 2015:28.
22
Feng S, Shen Y. ChatGPT and the future of medical education. Acad Med 2023;98:867–8.
23
Deik A. Potential benefits and perils of incorporating ChatGPT to the movement disorders clinic. J Mov Disord 2023;16:158–62.
24
Taira K, Itaya T, Hanada A. Performance of the large language model ChatGPT on the national nurse examinations in japan: evaluation study. JMIR Nurs 2023;6:e47305.
25
Eysenbach G. The role of ChatGPT, generative language models, and artificial intelligence in medical education: a conversation with ChatGPT and a call for papers. JMIR Med Educ 2023;9:e46885.
26
Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 2021;372:n71.
27
Sohail SS. A promising start and not a panacea: ChatGPT’s early impact and potential in medical science and biomedical engineering research. Ann Biomed Eng 2023.
28
Huang J, Tan M. The role of ChatGPT in scientific communication: writing better scientific review articles. Am J Cancer Res 2023;13:1148–54.
29
Amisha MP, M P, VK R. Overview of artificial intelligence in medicine. J Family Med Prim Care 2019;8:2328–31.
30
Aung YYM, Wong DCS, Ting DSW. The promise of artificial intelligence: a review of the opportunities and challenges of artificial intelligence in healthcare. Br Med Bull 2021;139:4–15.
31
Beyaz S. A brief history of artificial intelligence and robotic surgery in orthopedics & traumatology and future expectations. Jt Dis Relat Surg 2020;31:653–5.
32
Iqbal JD, Christen M. The use of artificial intelligence applications in medicine and the standard required for healthcare provider-patient briefings-an exploratory study. Digit Health 2022;8;(20552076221147424).
33
Begagic E, Duzic N, Memic Z, Arandelovic N, Celebic A, Beculic H. Usage of students’ potential in biomedical and health care research in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Medeni Med J 2021;36:44–51.
34
Sallam M. ChatGPT utility in healthcare education, research, and practice: systematic review on the promising perspectives and valid concerns. Healthcare (Basel 2023;11:1–20.
35
Cascella M, Montomoli J, Bellini V, Bignami E. Evaluating the feasibility of ChatGPT in healthcare: an analysis of multiple clinical and research scenarios. J Med Syst 2023;47:33–8.
36
Homolak J. Opportunities and risks of ChatGPT in medicine, science, and academic publishing: a modern Promethean dilemma. Croat Med J 2023;64:1–3.
37
Sharma S, Pajai S, Prasad R, Wanjari MB, Munjewar PK, Sharma R, et al. A Critical review of ChatGPT as a potential substitute for diabetes educators. Cureus 2023;15:e38380.
38
Liu J, Wang C, Liu S. Utility of ChatGPT in Clinical Practice. J Med Internet Res 2023;25:e48568.
39
Ali R, Tang OY, Connolly ID, Fridley JS, Shin JH, Zadnik Sullivan PL, et al. Performance of ChatGPT, GPT-4, and Google Bard on a neurosurgery oral boards preparation question bank n.d.
40
D’Amico RS, White TG, Shah HA, Langer DJ. I asked a ChatGPT to write an editorial about how we can incorporate chatbots into neurosurgical research and patient care. Neurosurgery 2023;92:663–4.
41
Duey AH, Nietsch KS, Zaidat B, Ren R, Ndjonko LCM, Shrestha N, et al. Thromboembolic prophylaxis in spine surgery: an analysis of ChatGPT recommendations. Spine J 2023.
42
Haemmerli J, Sveikata L, Nouri A, May A, Egervari K, Freyschlag C, et al. ChatGPT in glioma adjuvant therapy decision making: ready to assume the role of a doctor in the tumour board? BMJ Health Care Inform 2023:30.
43
He Y, Tang H, Wang D, Gu S, Ni G, Wu H. Will ChatGPT/GPT-4 be a lighthouse to guide spinal surgeons? Ann Biomed Eng 2023;51:1362–5.
44
Hegde A, Srinivasan S, Menon G. Extraventricular neurocytoma of the posterior fossa: a case report written by ChatGPT. Cureus 2023;15:e35850.
45
Kuang YR, Zou MX, Niu HQ, Zheng BY, Zheng BW. ChatGPT encounters multiple opportunities and challenges in neurosurgery. Int J Surg 2023.
46
A LM. Towards precision medicine in spinal surgery: leveraging AI technologies. Ann Biomed Eng 2023.
47
Mishra A, Begley SL, Chen A, Rob M, Pelcher I, Ward M, et al. Exploring the intersection of artificial intelligence and neurosurgery: let us be cautious with ChatGPT. Neurosurgery 2023:93.
48
Sevgi UT, Erol G, Doğruel Y, Sönmez OF, Tubbs RS, Güngor A. The role of an open artificial intelligence platform in modern neurosurgical education: a preliminary study. Neurosurg Rev 2023;46:86–92.
49
Singh R, Reardon T, Srinivasan VM, Gottfried O, Bydon M, Lawton MT. Implications and future directions of ChatGPT utilization in neurosurgery. J Neurosurg 2023.
The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). We stay neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
,
